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C++ Basics Notes Pdf

8 min read Jul 01, 2024
C++ Basics Notes Pdf

C++ Basics Notes

This document provides a basic introduction to the C++ programming language. It is intended for beginners who have no prior experience with programming.

What is C++?

C++ is a powerful, high-level programming language that is widely used for developing software applications. It is known for its flexibility and performance, making it suitable for a wide range of applications, including:

  • System programming: Operating systems, device drivers, embedded systems.
  • Game development: High-performance graphics and game logic.
  • Web development: Server-side applications and web frameworks.
  • Desktop applications: Cross-platform applications for Windows, macOS, and Linux.
  • Data science and machine learning: Algorithms and libraries for data processing and analysis.

Key Features of C++

  • Object-oriented programming (OOP): C++ supports OOP concepts like classes, objects, inheritance, and polymorphism. This allows for modular and reusable code.
  • Low-level access: C++ allows direct access to hardware and memory, providing fine-grained control over system resources.
  • Performance: C++ is known for its speed and efficiency, making it suitable for performance-critical applications.
  • Large community and libraries: C++ has a vast community of developers and a rich set of libraries that provide functionality for various tasks.

Basic C++ Syntax

Let's start with a simple C++ program:

#include 

int main() {
  std::cout << "Hello, world!" << std::endl;
  return 0;
}

Explanation:

  • #include <iostream>: This line includes the iostream library, which provides input and output functionalities.
  • int main() { ... }: This is the main function, where the program execution begins. The int keyword specifies that the function returns an integer value.
  • std::cout << "Hello, world!" << std::endl;: This line prints the text "Hello, world!" to the console.
    • std::cout: Standard output stream object.
    • <<: Insertion operator. It inserts the string "Hello, world!" into the output stream.
    • std::endl: Inserts a newline character, moving the cursor to the next line.
  • return 0;: This line returns 0 to the operating system, indicating that the program executed successfully.

Data Types

C++ supports various data types to represent different kinds of data:

  • int: Integer values (e.g., 10, -5, 0).
  • float: Single-precision floating-point numbers (e.g., 3.14, -2.5).
  • double: Double-precision floating-point numbers (e.g., 3.1415926535).
  • char: Single characters (e.g., 'A', '!', '
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).
  • bool: Boolean values (true or false).

    • Variables

    Variables are used to store data in a program. You declare a variable using the following syntax:

    data_type variable_name;

    Example:

    int age; 
float price;
char initial;
bool is_valid;

    Operators

    C++ provides various operators for performing operations on data:

    Control Flow

    C++ provides control flow statements to control the order of execution:

    Arrays

    Arrays are used to store collections of elements of the same data type. You declare an array using the following syntax:

    data_type array_name[array_size];

    Example:

    int numbers[5]; // Declares an array of 5 integers

    Functions

    Functions are blocks of code that perform a specific task. You define a function using the following syntax:

    return_type function_name(parameters) {
  // code to be executed
}

    Example:

    int sum(int a, int b) {
  return a + b;
}

    This function takes two integers as input and returns their sum.

    Conclusion

    This document provides a basic overview of C++ fundamentals. By mastering these core concepts, you can begin writing your own C++ programs. For further learning, explore more advanced topics like pointers, classes, inheritance, and templates. Happy coding!

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